References

  1. Baldwin K, Barges J, Buffington T, et al. AAHA Nutritional Assessment Guidelines for Dogs and Cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2010;46:285–96.
  2. Brooks D, Churchill J, Fein K, et al. 2014 AAHA Weight Management Guidelines for Dogs and Cats 2014. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2014;50:1–11.
  3. WSAVA Nutritional Assessment Guidelines Task Force Members, Freeman L, Becvarova I, et al. WSAVA Nutritional Assessment Guide- lines. J Small Anim Pract 2011;52:385–96.
  4. American College of Veterinary Nutrition. ACVN Diet History Form. Available at: http://acvn.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/ACVN-Diet- History-Form-2020-FINAL_fillable.pdf. Accessed May 20, 2020.
  5. World Small Animal Veterinary Association. Short Diet History Form. Available at: https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Diet-History- Form.pdf. Accessed May 20, 2020.
  6. Murphy M, German AJ, Cline MG. Establishing a weight management program in clinical practice. In: Cline MG, Murphy M, eds. Obesity in the Dog and Cat. 1st ed. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; 2019:133–61.
  7. Canine Body Condition Score. Available at: https://wsava.org/wp-content/ uploads/2020/01/Body-Condition-Score-Dog.pdf. Accessed April 17, 2021.
  8. Feline Body Condition Score. Available at: https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Body-Condition-Score-Cat.pdf. Accessed October 23, 2020.
  9. Laflamme D. Development and validation of a body condition score system for dogs. Canine Pract 1997;22:10–5.
  10. Laflamme D. Development and validation of a body condition score system for cats: a clinical tool. Feline Pract 1997;25:13–8.
  11. Bjornvad CR, Nielsen DH, Armstrong PJ, et al. Evaluation of a nine- point body condition scoring system in physically inactive pet cats. Am J Vet Res 2011;72:433–7.
  12. Canine Muscle Condition Score. Available at: https://wsava.org/wp-content/ uploads/2020/01/Muscle-Condition-Score-Chart-for-Dogs.pdf. Accessed October 23, 2020.
  13. Feline Muscle Condition Score. Available at: https://wsava.org/wp-content/ uploads/2020/01/Muscle-Condition-Score-Chart-for-Cats.pdf. Accessed October 23, 2020.
  14. Freeman LM, Michel KE, Zanghi BM, et al. Evaluation of the use of muscle condition score and ultrasonographic measurements for as- sessment of muscle mass in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2019;80:595–600.
  15. Freeman LM, Michel KE, Zanghi BM, et al. Usefulness of muscle con- dition score and ultrasonographic measurements for assessment of muscle mass in cats with cachexia and sarcopenia. Am J Vet Res 2020;81:254–9.
  16. Michel KE, Anderson W, Cupp C, et al. Correlation of a feline muscle mass score with body composition determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Br J Nutr 2011;106(suppl 1):S57–9.
  17. Freeman LM. Cachexia and sarcopenia: emerging syndromes of im- portance in dogs and cats. J Vet Intern Med 2012;26:3–17.
  18. Witzel AL, Kirk CA, Henry GA, et al. Use of a novel morphometric method and body fat index system for estimation of body composition in overweight and obese dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014;244:1279–84.
  19. Witzel AL, Kirk CA, Henry GA, et al. Use of a morphometric method and body fat index system for estimation of body composition in overweight and obese cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014;244:1285–90.
  20. Purina Veterinary Diets. Available at: https://www.proplanveterinar- ydiets.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/PPPVD-Fecal-Scoring-Chart-EN- FINAL.pdf. Accessed April 19, 2021.
  21. The Waltham Faeces Scoring System. Available at: https://www.walth-am.com/sites/g/files/jydpyr1046/files/2020-05/waltham-scoring.pdf. Accessed April 19, 2021.
  22. Su DK, Murphy M, Hand A, et al. Impact of feeding method on overall activity of indoor, client-owned dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2019;60:438–43.
  23. Naik R, Witzel A, Albright JD, et al. Pilot study evaluating the effect of feeding method on overall activity of neutered indoor pet cats. J Vet Behav 2018;25:9–13.
  24. Clarke DL, Wrigglesworth D, Holmes KI, et al. Using environmental and feeding enrichment to facilitate feline weight loss. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 2005;89:427.
  25. Dantas LMS, Delgado MM, Johnson I, et al. Food puzzles for cats: feeding for physical and emotional wellbeing. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 18:723–32.
  26. AAFCO, Model Regulations for Pet Food and Specialty Pet Food Under the Model Bill. 2021 Official Publication of the Association of American Feed Control Officials; 2021:150.
  27. World Small Animal Veterinary Association. Selecting the Best Food for your Pet. Available at: https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/ Selecting-the-Best-Food-for-your-Pet.pdf. Accessed May 20, 2020.
  28. Pet Nutrition Alliance. Dare to Ask™ Nutritional Comparison Manufacturer Report. Available at: https://www.petnutritionalliance.org/ chart/index.php/manufacturer-report. Accessed May 20, 2020.
  29. Center for Veterinary Medicine. Recalls & Withdrawals. FDA 2020. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/safety-health/re- calls-withdrawals. Accessed May 20, 2020.
  30. AAFCO, Model Regulations for Pet Food and Specialty Pet Food Under the Model Bill. 2021 Official Publication of the Association of American Feed Control Officials; 2021:151-152.
  31. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agriculture Research Service. FoodData Central. Available at: https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/. Accessed June 17, 2020.
  32. German AJ, Holden SL, Wiseman-Orr ML, et al. Quality of life is re- duced in obese dogs but improves after successful weight loss. Vet J 2012;192:428–34.
  33. Yam PS, Butowski CF, Chitty JL, et al. Impact of canine overweight and obesity on health-related quality of life. Prev Vet Med 2016;127:64–9.
  34. Kealy RD, Lawler DF, Ballam JM, et al. Effects of diet restriction on life span and age-related changes in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;220:1315–1320
  35. Penell JC, Morgan DM, Watson P, et al. Body weight at 10 years of age and change in body composition between 8 and 10 years of age were related to survival in a longitudinal study of 39 Labrador retriever dogs. Acta Vet Scand 2019;61:42.
  36. German AJ, Titcomb JM, Holden SL, et al. Cohort study of the success of controlled weight loss programs for obese dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2015;29:1547–55.
  37. Vasconcellos RS, Venturelli Goncalves KN, Borges NC, et al. Male and female cats have different regional body composition and energy requirements for weight loss and weight maintenance. J Anim Physio Anim Nutr 2019;103:1546-155.
  38. Smith G, Paster ER, Powers MY, et al. Lifelong diet restriction and radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis of the hip joint in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006;229:690–3.
  39. Greco DS, Royschuk RA, Ogilvie GK, et al. The effect of levothyroxine treatment on resting energy expenditure of hypothyroid dogs. J Vet Intern Med 1998;12:7–10.
  40. Scarlett JM, Donoghue S. Associations between body condition and disease in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:1725–31.
  41. Cho K-D, Paek J, Kang JH, et al. Serum adipokine concentrations in dogs with naturally occurring pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. J Vet Intern Med 2014;28:429–36.
  42. Slater MR, Robinson LE, Zoran DL, et al. Diet and exercise patterns in pet dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1995;207:186–90.
  43. Zamansky A, van der Linden D, Hadar I, et al. Log my dog: perceived impact of dog activity tracking. Computer 2019;52:35–43.
  44. Martin L, Siliart B, Dumon H, et al. Leptin, body fat content and energy expenditure in intact and gonadectomized adult cats: a preliminary study. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 2001;85:195–9.
  45. Root MV, Johnston SD, Olson PN. Effect of prepuberal and postpuberal gonadectomy on heat production measured by indirect calorimetry in male and female domestic cats. Am J Vet Res 1996;57:371–4.
  46. Jeusette I, Detilleux J, Cuvelier C, et al. Ad libitum feeding following ovariectomy in female beagle dogs: effect on maintenance energy re- quirement and on blood metabolites. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 2004; 88:117–21.
  47. Lund EM, Armstrong PJ, Kirk CA, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for obesity in adult dogs from private US veterinary practices. Int J Appl Res Vet Med 2006;4:177–86.
  48. Lund EM, Armstrong PJ, Kirk CA, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for obesity in adult cats from private US veterinary practices. Int J Appl Res Vet Med 2005;3:91.
  49. Adams VJ, Watson P, Carmichael S. Exceptional longevity and po- tential determinants of successful ageing in a cohort of 39 Labrador retrievers: results of a prospective longitudinal study. Acta Vet Scand 2016;58:29.
  50. Laflamme DP, Martineau B, Jones B, et al. Effect of age on maintenance energy requirements and apparent digestibility of canine diets. Com- pend Contin Educ Small Animal Pract 2000;22:113.
  51. Divol G, Priymenko N. A new model for evaluating maintenance en- ergy requirements in dogs: allometric equation from 319 pet dogs. J Nutr Sci 2017;6:e53.
  52. Bermingham EN, Thomas DG, Cave NJ, et al. Energy requirements of adult dogs: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014;9:e109681.
  53. Speakman JR, van Acker A, Harper EJ. Age-related changes in the metabolism and body composition of three dog breeds and their re- lationship to life expectancy. Aging Cell 2003;2:265–75.
  54. Teshima E, Brunetto MA, Vasconcellos RS, et al. Nutrient digestibility, but not mineral absorption, is age-dependent in cats. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2010;94:e251–8.
  55. Perez-Camargo G. Cat nutrition: what is new in the old? Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 2004;26:5–10.
  56. Taylor EJ, Adams C, Neville R. Some nutritional aspects of ageing in cats and dogs. Proc Nutr Soc 1995;54:645–56.
  57. Flanagan J, Bissot T, Hours M-A, et al. An international multi-centre cohort study of weight loss in overweight cats: Differences in outcome in different geographical locations. PLOS ONE 2018;13:e0200414.
  58. Flanagan J, Bissot T, Hours M-A, et al. Success of a weight loss plan for overweight dogs: The results of an international weight loss study. PLOS ONE 2017;12:e0184199.
  59. Rollins AW, Murphy M, Moyers TD. Use of an automatic feeder for weight loss in multiple cat households: preliminary results [abstract]. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020;104:405.
  60. Lambrecht KJ, Hardar BN, Bernardo TM. Preliminary results using home pet health technology in a multiple cat household weight man- agement program. Abstracts of the 20th AAVN Clinical Nutrition & Research Symposium [abstract]. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020: 104:1588.
  61. Porsani MYH, Teixeira FA, Amaral AR, et al. Factors associated with failure of dog’s weight loss programmes. Vet Med Sci 2020;6:299–305.
  62. Deagle G, Holden SL, Biourge V, et al. Long-term follow-up after weight management in obese cats. J Nutr Sci 2014;3:e25.
  63. German AJ, Holden SL, Morris PJ, et al. Long-term follow-up after weight management in obese dogs: the role of diet in preventing regain. Vet J 2012;192:65–70.
  64. American Animal Hospital Association. Compliance: taking quality care to the next level: a report of the 2009 AAHA compliance follow-up study. Lakewood (CO): American Animal Hospital Association; 2009:18. Available at: https://secure.aahanet.org/eweb/images/student/pdf/Compliance.pdf.
  65. des Courtis X, Wei A, Kass PH, et al. Influence of dietary protein level on body composition and energy expenditure in calorically restricted overweight cats. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015;99(3):474–82.
  66. Blanchard G, Nguyen P, Gayet C, et al. Rapid weight loss with a high- protein low-energy diet allows the recovery of ideal body composition and insulin sensitivity in obese dogs. J Nutr 2004;134(suppl 8):2148S–50S.
  67. Bissot, T, et al. Novel dietary strategies can improve the outcome of weight loss programmes in obese client-owned cats. JFMS 2010 Feb;12(2):104-12.
  68. Weber M, Bissot T, Servet E, et al. A high-protein, high-fiber diet designed for weight loss improves satiety in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2007; 21:1203–8.
  69. Wei A, Fascetti AJ, Villaverde C, et al. Effect of water content in a canned food on voluntary food intake and body weight in cats. Am J Vet Res 2011;72:918–23.
  70. Kurtz S, Silverman J, Draper J. Teaching and Learning Communication Skills in Medicine. 2nd ed. Oxford (UK): Radcliffe.
  71. Tuckett D, Boulton M, Olson C, et al. Meeting between Experts: An Approach to Sharing Ideas in Medical Consultations. London: Tavistock Publications; 1985.
  72. MacMartin C, Wheat HC, Coe JB, et al. Effect of question design on dietary information solicited during veterinarian-client interactions in companion animal practice in Ontario, Canada. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015;246:1203–14.
  73. Coe JB, O’Connor R, MacMartin C, et al. Effects of three diet history questions on the amount of information gained from a sample of pet owners in Ontario, Canada. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020;256:469–78.
  74. Coe JB, Adams CL, Bonnett BN. A focus group study of veterinarians’ and pet owners’ perceptions of the monetary aspects of veterinary care. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007;234:1418–1424.
  75. German AJ, Holden SL, Mason SL, et al. Imprecision when using measuring cups to weigh out extruded dry kibbled food. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 2011;95:368–373.
  76. Murphy M, Lusby AL, Bartges JW, et al. Size of food bowl and scoop affects amount of food owners feed their dogs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 2012;96:237–241.
  77. Coe JB, Rankovic A, Edwards TR, et al. Dog owner’s accuracy measuring different volumes of dry dog food using three different measuring devices. Vet Rec 2019;185:599.
  78. WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute. Puppy Growth Charts. Available at: https://www.waltham.com/resources/puppy-growth-charts.
  79. Kealy RD, Lawler DF, Ballam JM, et al. Effects of diet restriction on life span and age-related changes in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;220:1315–1320.
  80. Kealy RD, Lawler DF, Ballam JM, et al. Five-year longitudinal study on limited food consumption and development of osteoarthritis in coxofemoral joints of dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:222-.
  81. German AJ, Blackwell E, Evans M, et al. Overweight dogs exercise less frequently and for shorter periods: results of a large online survey of dog owners from the UK. J Nutr Sci 2017;6
  82. Corbee RJ. Obesity in show cats. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 2014;98:1075–1080.
  83. Herrera Uribe J, Vitger AD, Ritz C, et al. Physical training and weight loss in dogs lead to transcriptional changes in genes involved in the glucose-transport pathway in muscle and adipose tissues. Vet J Lond Engl 1997 2016;208:22–27.
  84. Warren BS, Wakshlag JJ, Maley M, et al. Use of pedometers to measure the relationship of dog walking to body condition score in obese and non-obese dogs. Br J Nutr 2011;106 Suppl 1:S85-89.
  85. Vitger AD, Stallknecht BM, Nielsen DH, et al. Integration of a physical training program in a weight loss plan for overweight pet dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016;248:174–182.
  86. Curl AL, Bibbo J, Johnson RA. Dog Walking, the Human-Animal Bond and Older Adults’ Physical Health. Gerontologist 2017;57:930–939.
  87. American Animal Hospital Association. The Path to High-Quality Care. Practical Tips for Improving Compliance. Lakewood (CO): American Animal Hospital Association; 2003.
  88. Coe JB, Adams CL, Bonnett BN. A focus group study of veterinarians’ and pet owners’ perceptions of veterinarian client communication in companion animal practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008;233:1072–1080.
  89. Janke N, Coe JB, Bernardo TM, Dewey CE, Stone EA (2021) Pet owners’ and veterinarians’ perceptions of information exchange and clinical decision-making in companion animal practice. PLoS ONE 16(2): e0245632.
  90. Coe JB, Adams CL, Bonnett BN. Prevalence and nature of cost dis- cussions during clinical appointments in companion animal practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009;231:1510–8.
  91. Kanji N, Coe JB, Adams CL, et al. Effect of veterinarian-client-patient interactions on client adherence to dentistry and surgery recommen- dations in companion-animal practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012;240: 427–36.
  92. Gross KL, Jewell DE, Yamka RM, et al. Macronutrients. In: Hand MS, Thatcher CD, Remillard RL, et al., eds. Small Animal Clinical Nutrition. 5th ed. Topeka (KS): Mark Morris Institute; 2010:61.
  93. MacMartin C, Wheat HC, Coe JB, et al. Effect of question design on dietary information solicited during veterinarian-client interactions in companion animal practice in Ontario, Canada. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015;246:1203-1214.
  94. The European Food Information Council (EUFIC). The Determinants of Food Choice. Available at: https://www.eufic.org/en/healthy-living/ article/the-determinants-of-food-choice. Accessed May 30, 2020.
  95. Conway DMP, Saker KE. Consumer attitude toward the environmental sustainability of grain-free pet foods. Front Vet Sci 2018;5:170.
  96. Boni SE. Anthropomorphism: how it affects the human-canine bond. J Appl Compan Anim Behav 2008;2:16–21.
  97. Schleicher M, Cash SB, Freeman LM. Determinants of pet food pur- chasing decisions. Can Vet J 2019;60:644–50.
  98. Simonsen JE, Fasenko GM, Lillywhite JM. The value-added dog food market: do dog owners prefer natural or organic dog foods? J Agric Sci 2014;6:86–97.
  99. Morelli G, Bastianello S, Catellani P, et al. Raw meat-based diets for dogs: survey of owners’ motivations, attitudes and practices. BMC Vet Res 2019;15:74.
  100. Michel KE, Willoughby KN, Abood SK, et al. Attitudes of pet owners toward pet foods and feeding management of cats and dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008;233:1699–703.
  101. Parr JM, Remillard RL. Handling alternative dietary requests from pet owners. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2014;44(4):667.
  102. Laflamme D, Izquierdo O, Eirmann L, et al. Myths and misperceptions about ingredients used in commercial pet foods. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2014;44(4):689.
  103. Kaplan JL, Stern JA, Fascetti AJ, et al. Taurine deficiency and dilated cardiomyopathy in golden retrievers fed commercial diets. PLoS One 2018;13(12):e0209112.
  104. Adin D, DeFrancesco TC, Keene B, et al. Echocardiographic phenotype of canine dilated cardiomyopathy differs based on diet type. J Vet Cardiol 2019;21:1–9.
  105. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Investigation into Potential Link between Certain Diets and Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/outbreaks-and-advisories/fda-in- vestigation-potential-link-between-certain-diets-and-canine-dilated-car- diomyopathy. Accessed October 23, 2020.
  106. Freeman LM, Stern JA, Fries R, et al. Diet-associated dilated cardio- myopathy in dogs: what do we know? J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018;253(11): 1390–4.
  107. Backus RC, Cohen G, Pion PD, et al. Taurine deficiency in New-foundlands fed commercially available complete and balanced diets. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003;223:1130–6.
  108. Vollmar C, Vollmar A, Keene BW, et al. Dilated cardiomyopathy in 151 Irish wolfhounds: characteristic clinical findings, life expectancy and causes of death. Vet J 2019;245:15–21.
  109. Larsen JA, Parks EM, Heinze CR, et al. Evaluation of recipes for home- prepared diets for dogs and cats with chronic kidney disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012;240(5):532–8.
  110. Heinze CR, Gomez FC, Freeman LM. Assessment of commercial diets and recipes for home-prepared diets recommended for dogs with cancer. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012;241(11):1453–60.
  111. Stockman J, Fascetti AJ, Kass PH, et al. Evaluation of recipes of home-prepared maintenance diets for dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013;242(11):1500–5.
  112. Johnson LN, Linder DE, Heinze CR, et al. Evaluation of owner expe- riences and adherence to home-cooked diet recipes for dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2016;57:23–7.
  113. American Animal Hospital Association. Raw Protein Diet. Available at: https://www.aaha.org/about-aaha/aaha-position-statements/raw-protein- diet/. Accessed October 23.2020.
  114. Davies RH, Lawes JR, Wales AD. Raw diets for dogs and cats: a review, with particular reference to microbiological hazards. J Small Anim Pract 2019;60:329–39.
  115. van Bree FPJ, Bokken GCAM, Mineur R, et al. Zoonotic bacteria and par- asites found in raw meat-based diets for cats and dogs. Vet Rec 2018;182:50.
  116. Finley R, Ribble C, Aramini J, et al. The risk of salmonellae shedding by dogs fed Salmonella-contaminated commercial raw food diets. Can Vet J 2007;48:69-75.
  117. Reimschuessel R, Grabenstein M, Guag J, et al. Multilaboratory survey to evaluate Salmonella prevalence in diarrheic and nondiarrheic dogs and cats in the United States between 2012 and 2014. J Clin Microbiol 2017;55(5):1350-1368.
  118. Considine KM, Kelly AL, Fitzgerald GF, et al. High-pressure processing- effects on microbial food safety and food quality. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2008;281(1):1–9.
  119. Salt C, Morris PJ, German AJ, et al. Growth standard charts for monitoring bodyweight in dogs of different sizes. PLoS One 2017;12(9):e0182064.
  120. Larsen J. Feeding large-breed puppies. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 2010;32(5):E1–4.
  121. Summers SC, Stockman J, Larsen JA, et al. Evaluation of phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium content in commercially available foods for- mulated for healthy cats. J Vet Intern Med 2020;34:266–73.
  122. Hutchinson D, Freeman LM, Schreiner KE, et al. Survey of opinions about nutritional requirements of senior dogs and analysis of nutrient profiles of commercially available diets for senior dogs. Intern J Appl Res Vet Med 2011;9:68–79.
  123. Barko PC, McMichael MA, Swanson KS, et al. The gastrointestinal microbiome: a review. J Vet Intern Med 2018;32(1):9–25.
  124. Rudinsky AJ, Rowe JC, Parker VJ. Nutritional management of chronic enteropathies in dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018;253(5):570–8.
  125. Marks SL, Rankin SC, Byrne BA, et al. Enteropathogenic bacteria in dogs and cats: diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment, and control. J Vet Intern Med 2011;25(6):1195–208.
  126. Weese JS, Martin H. Assessment of commercial probiotic bacterial contents and label accuracy. Can Vet J 2011;52(1):43–6.
  127. Dzanis DA. Regulatory aspects of diets, supplements, and nutraceut- icals. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 1998;13(4):193–6.

These guidelines are supported by generous educational grants from Hill’s Pet Nutrition, Inc., Purina® Pro Plan® Veterinary Diets, and Royal Canin®.

dechraLogo.png
dechraLogo.png
dechraLogo.png